Analysis of Fluoride Ion Concentration in Drinking Water of Karachi in Relation With Conductivity and pH

Worldwide deficiency of safe drinking water is being faced due to high population density. In this context, the availability of safe water has been a global matter that points out researchers to investigate fluoride levels in drinking water. The proposed research aims to investigate fluoride concentration in water sources in different locations of Karachi. In this context, many water samples collected from industrial and residential areas and analyzed for the quantitative determination of fluoride. These results showed that all the samples contained fluoride levels below permissible levels by WHO, i.e., 1.5ppm. In contrast, more than 76% of samples had concentrations below WHO minimum recommended limit (i.e. 0.5ppm). It was observed that the sample having a high fluoride concentration (1.19ppm) showed a relatively high conductivity value (262.4 µs/cm). These results highlight and recommend the fluoridation process of drinking water sources to overcome the imbalance of fluoride in total intake.