A Review of the Significant Role of Heavy Metals in the Advancement of the World and its Contribution to Pollution

Heavy metals are transition elements belonging to the d-block of the periodic Table found in nature as a part of the earth's crust. They are recognized as having high atomic weight and density and having a substantial role in most fields of advancement, including industry, agricultural business, pharmaceuticals, and the environment. The current advancement of the world is thankful for these elements called heavy metals as they are a significant part of the scientific revolution. However, their diverse roles in the technological field raised concerns about plants, humans and environmental issues when placed in an open environment after their prime use without prior treatment or as leftovers. The heavy metals reactivity is due to the multiple oxidation states where electrons in a partially filled d orbital are available for combination with the nearest available matter, which may be heavy metal, inorganic or organic compounds. They lead to variations in environmental biota and appear as toxic materials, promoting pathogenic bacteria or polluting water and soil resources. This review highlights heavy metals' significant role in advancement, the necessity for progress, and their environmental toxicity.